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Hector Avalos (born October 8, 1958) is a professor of Religious Studies at Iowa State University and the author of several books about religion. He is a former Pentecostal preacher and child evangelist. He has a Doctor of Philosophy in Hebrew Bible and Near Eastern Studies from Harvard University (1991), a Master of Theological Studies from Harvard Divinity School (1985), and a Bachelor of Arts in Anthropology from the University of Arizona in 1982. Avalos arrived at Iowa State University in the Fall of 1993 after completing a postdoctoral fellowship (1991–93) in the departments of Anthropology and Religious Studies at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. In 1996 Avalos was named ''Professor of the Year'' at Iowa State University, where he was also named a ''Master Teacher'' for 2003–04. Other awards include ''The Early Achievement in Research and Creative Activity Award'' (College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, 1996), and the ''Outstanding Professor Award'' (College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, 1996).〔()〕 In 1994, Avalos founded and later became first director of the (US Latino/a Studies Program at Iowa State University ). The program is dedicated to teaching courses about U.S. Latinos, who are defined as people living in the U.S. who trace their roots to the Spanish speaking countries of Latin America. Avalos is an internationally recognized opponent of neo-creationism and the intelligent design movement, and is frequently linked to Guillermo Gonzalez, an astrophysicist and proponent of intelligent design who was denied tenure at Iowa State University in 2007. Avalos co-authored a statement against intelligent design in 2005, which was eventually signed by over 130 faculty members at Iowa State University. That faculty statement became a model for other statements at the University of Northern Iowa and at the University of Iowa. Gonzalez and Avalos are both featured in the movie ''Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed'' (2008). Avalos is an atheist activist and advocate of secular humanist ethics. ==Research and publication== Avalos' first major work was ''Illness and Health Care in the Ancient Near East: The Role of the Temple in Greece, Mesopotamia, and Israel'' (1995), published in the Harvard Semitic Monograph series. The book was the first to combine systematically critical biblical studies with medical anthropology to reconstruct the health care systems of Greece, Mesopotamia, and Israel. In ''Health Care and the Rise of Christianity'' (1999) Avalos outlined the thesis that Christianity began, in part, as a health care reform movement that sought to address the problems voiced by patients in the Greco-Roman world. Since 2004, Avalos had turned his attention to the study of U.S. Latinos, the name given to people who live in the United States and trace their ancestry to the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America. Latinos are now the largest "minority" in the United States, numbering over 40 million persons. By then, Avalos also served as General Editor of Religion in the Americas book series for Brill Publishers. He was the editor of, and a contributor to, ''Introduction to the U.S. Latina and Latino Religious Experience'' (2004), which aimed to be the first general textbook on U.S. Latino/a religions. It was unusual because it covered groups such as Dominicans and Central Americans, which most other books on Latino religion usually overlook. His book ''Fighting Words: The Origins of Religious Violence'' (2005) used scarce resource theory to explain the role of religion in violence. Avalos argues that all conflict is usually the result of some resource that is either scarce or perceived to be scarce. This could range from love in a family to energy on a global scale. When religion causes violence, it does so because it has created a new scarce resource somewhere. Such scarce resources could include sacred space ("The Holy Land"), group privileging, and eternal life. Violence may result from the effort to maintain or acquire these religiously-created resources, and people may be willing to give or take life in pursuit of these resources. However, unlike scarcities that are verifiable (e.g., water, oil), resources such as eternal life are unverifiable and created entirely by religious bellief. Therefore, when one kills for religious reasons, one is usually trading actual lives for resources that are either not scarce or cannot even be verified to exist. He made the further argument that religious violence is always immoral, whereas secular violence is only sometimes immoral. The book also offered a scathing critique of religionist scholars who defended biblical violence and genocide, as well as a critique of the thesis that the Nazi Holocaust was an example of atheistic violence. Avalos and his book were featured on National Public Radio's ''Talk of the Nation'' on August 22, 2005. It established his position as a critic of religion alongside Richard Dawkins, Sam Harris, Christopher Hitchens and Daniel Dennett. The same year, Avalos published ''Strangers in Our Own Land: Religion in U.S. Latina/o Literature'' (2005), which was the first systematic study of how Latino authors address issues of religion and specific religions (e.g., Judaism, Islam, Protestantism, Catholicism, African Religions, and Indigenous religions). In 2007 Avalos published ''The End of Biblical Studies'' (2007) where he argued that academic biblical scholarship was primarily an apologetic religionist enterprise meant to provide the illusion that the Bible was still a culturally and morally superior authority. He critiqued numerous fields (translation, archaeology, history, textual criticism, literary aesthetics) arguing the discipline was permeated with pro-religionist biases. John Merrill of the ''Biblical Archaeology Review'' writes that "instead of being constructive, Avalos’s arguments come off in the end as an exercise in emotional nihilism whose conclusions seem ultimately self-defeating."〔(John Merrill, "Review: The End of Biblical Studies", ''Biblical Archaeology Review.'' )〕 ''This Abled Body: Rethinking Disabilities in Biblical Studies'', published also in 2007, saw Avalos returning to health care studies. He contributed to, and co-edited (with Sarah Melcher and Jeremy Schipper), an anthology that explores how biblical authors conceptualize the human body and deviations from "normative" views of the human body. In 2011, Avalos published ''Slavery, Abolitionism, and the Ethics of Biblical Scholarship'' (Sheffield Phoenix Press), which seeks to deconstruct the claim that reliance on biblical and Christian ethics was a main factor in the abolition of slavery in western civilizations. (''The Bad Jesus: The Ethics of New Testament Ethics )'' was published in 2015, and it argues that Jesus should not be considered as a paradigm of ethics in the modern world. In addition, Avalos critiques the field of New Testament ethics as a religionist and ethnocentric enterprise, which is part of an ecclesial-academic complex that promotes its founder, Jesus. In addition to books, Avalos has published dozens of articles in peer reviewed and semi-scholarly periodicals (e.g., ''Journal of Biblical Literature'', ''Journal of Hispanic/Latino Theology,'' ''Catholic Biblical Quarterly'', and ''Traditio)'', as well as in standard reference books such as ''The Anchor Bible Dictionary'' (1992), ''The Oxford Companion to the Bible'' (1993), ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East'' (1996), ''Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible'' (2000), and ''The New Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible'' (2006–2009).The subjects have ranged from Astronomy and the Bible to targumic textual criticism. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hector Avalos」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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